33. Etre Verbs
Sixteen "house" verbs and all pronominal verbs are conjugated with être, and they must agree in gender and number with the subject. The house verbs are:
Most have regular past participles, except venir-venu, devenir-devenu, revenir-revenu, mourir-mort, and naître-né. And five of these verbs, monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, and passer can sometimes be conjugated with avoir if they are used with a direct object.
Je suis sortie. I went out.
J'ai sorti la poubelle. I took the trash out.
You add the e for feminine and s for plural. Sometimes adding an -e causes the pronunciation to change, i.e. the preceding consonant that is silent in the masculine form is pronounced in the feminine form: Il est mort /mɔʀ/ vs. Elle est morte /mɔʀt/
Vous can have any of the endings. To form the negative, place ne...pas around the auxiliary verb: Je ne suis pas resté.
To form the negative, place ne before the reflexive pronoun, and pas after the auxiliary verb.
There are only two cases with pronominal verbs where the past participle does not agree:
1. When the pronominal verb is followed by a direct object.
Compare: Elles se sont lavées, but: elles se sont lavé les mains.
2. With verbs where the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object, such as
se parler, se demander, se dire, s'écrire, se sourire, and se téléphoner.
Ils se sont téléphoné.
34. Food and Meals / La Nourriture et Les Repas
In France, it is common to use déjeuner to mean to have breakfast as well as to have lunch. In Quebec, the meals are le déjeuner, le dîner, and le souper. The plural of un œuf is des œufs, but fs is not pronounced: /œf/ vs. /ø/. Food is generally divided into two categories: sucré (sweet/sugary) and salé (savoury/salty). Le pain /pɛ̃/ is the general word for bread; if you want to specify white bread, use le pain de mie /pɛ̃ də mi/ . Because the French eat dinner so late in the evening (8 pm), young children have l'heure de goûter (snack time) after school. Le yaourt refers to fruit yogurts and sweet puddings and they are eaten as desserts in France. La glace is also a common dessert, and you can find several parfums /paʀfœ̃/ (flavors). The word for scoops (of ice cream) is boules /bul/. Many restaurants now offer take out food options, which is called à emporter (to take away). The opposite is sur place.
35. Fruits, Vegetables and Meat
Lettuce can also be referred to as la salade verte.
Sixteen "house" verbs and all pronominal verbs are conjugated with être, and they must agree in gender and number with the subject. The house verbs are:
| aller-to go | sortir-to go out | venir-to come | mourir-to die |
| arriver-to arrive | partir-to leave | devenir-to become | monter-to go up |
| entrer-to enter | tomber-to fall | revenir-to come back | rester-to stay |
| rentrer-to return home | naître-to be born | passer-to go by (pass) | descendre-to go down |
Je suis sortie. I went out.
J'ai sorti la poubelle. I took the trash out.
| Conjugation of an être verb | |
| Je suis resté(e) | Nous sommes resté(e)s |
| Tu es resté(e) | Vous êtes resté(e)(s) |
| Il est resté | Ils sont restés |
| Elle est restée | Elles sont restées |
Vous can have any of the endings. To form the negative, place ne...pas around the auxiliary verb: Je ne suis pas resté.
| Conjugation of a Pronominal Verb | |
| Je me suis amusé(e) | Nous nous sommes amusé(e)s |
| Tu t'es amusé(e) | Vous vous êtes amusé(e)(s) |
| Il s'est amusé | Ils se sont amusés |
| Elle s'est amusée | Elles se sont amusées |
There are only two cases with pronominal verbs where the past participle does not agree:
1. When the pronominal verb is followed by a direct object.
Compare: Elles se sont lavées, but: elles se sont lavé les mains.
2. With verbs where the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object, such as
se parler, se demander, se dire, s'écrire, se sourire, and se téléphoner.
Ils se sont téléphoné.
| Breakfast | le petit déjeuner | /pti deʒœne/ | Egg | l'œuf (m) | /œf/ |
| Lunch | le déjeuner | /deʒœne/ | Cake | le gâteau | /gɑto/ |
| Dinner | le dîner | /dine/ | Pie | la tarte | /taʀt/ |
| Cup | la tasse | /tɑs/ | Milk | le lait | /lɛ/ |
| Slice | la tranche | /tʀɑ̃ʃ/ | Coffee | le café | /kafe/ |
| Bowl | le bol | /bɔl/ | Butter | le beurre | /bœʀ/ |
| Glass | le verre | /vɛʀ/ | Water | l'eau (f) | /o/ |
| Salt and Pepper | le sel et le poivre | /sɛl/ /pwavʀ/ | Ham | le jambon | /ʒɑ̃bɔ̃/ |
| Fork | la fourchette | /fuʀʃɛt/ | Fish | le poisson | /pwasɔ̃/ |
| Spoon | la cuillère | /kɥijɛʀ/ | Tea | le thé | /te/ |
| Knife | le couteau | /kuto/ | Salad | la salade | /salad/ |
| Plate | l'assiette (f) | /asjɛt/ | Jam | la confiture | /kɔ̃fityʀ/ |
| Napkin | la serviette | /sɛʀvjɛt/ | Meat | la viande | /vjɑ̃d/ |
| Ice cream | la glace | /glas/ | French fries | les frites (f) | /fʀit/ |
| Juice | le jus | /ʒy/ | Beer | la bière | /bjɛʀ/ |
| Fruit | le fruit | /fʀɥi/ | Wine | le vin | /vɛ̃/ |
| Cheese | le fromage | /fʀɔmaʒ/ | Sugar | le sucre | /sykʀ/ |
| Chicken | le poulet | /pulɛ/ | Soup | le potage | /pɔtaʒ/ |
| Cereal | des céréales | /seʀeal/ | Ketchup | le ketchup | /kɛtʃœp/ |
| Oil | l'huile | /ɥil/ | Mustard | la moutarde | /mutaʀd/ |
| Vinegar | le vinaigre | /vinɛgʀ/ | Mayonnaise | la mayonnaise | /majɔnɛz/ |
| Yogurt | le yaourt | /jauʀt/ | Pasta | des pâtes | /pɑt/ |
| fruit | un fruit | /fʀɥi/ | corn | le maïs | /mais/ |
| apple | une pomme | /pɔm/ | cucumber | un concombre | /kɔ̃kɔ̃bʀ/ |
| apricot | un abricot | /abʀiko/ | eggplant | une aubergine | /obɛʀʒin/ |
| banana | une banane | /banan/ | lettuce | la laitue | /lɛty/ |
| blueberry | une myrtille | /miʀtij/ | mushroom | un champignon | /ʃɑ̃piɲɔ̃/ |
| cherry | une cerise | /səʀiz/ | onion | un oignon | /ɔɲɔ̃/ |
| coconut | une noix de coco | /nwadəkoko/ | peas | les pois | /pwa/ |
| date | une datte | /dat/ | pepper | un piment | /pimɑ̃/ |
| fig | une figue | /fig/ | potato | une pomme de terre | /pɔmdətɛʀ/ |
| grape | un raisin | /ʀɛzɛ̃/ | pumpkin | une citrouille | /sitʀuj/ |
| grapefruit | un pamplemousse | /pɑ̃pləmus/ | rice | le riz | /ʀi/ |
| lemon | un citron | /sitʀɔ̃/ | spinach | des épinards | /epinaʀ/ |
| lime | un citron vert | /sitʀɔ̃ vɛʀ/ | squash | une courge | /kuʀʒ/ |
| melon | un melon | /məlɔ̃/ | tomato | une tomate | /tɔmat/ |
| olive | une olive | /ɔliv/ | turnip | un navet | /navɛ/ |
| orange | une orange | /ɔʀɑ̃ʒ/ | zucchini | des courgettes | /kuʀʒɛt/ |
| peach | une pêche | /pɛʃ/ | meat | la viande | /vjɑ̃d/ |
| pear | une poire | /pwaʀ/ | bacon | du lard, du bacon | /laʀ/ /bekɔn/ |
| pineapple | un ananas | /ananas/ | beef | le bœuf | /bœf/ |
| plum | une prune | /pʀyn/ | chicken | le poulet | /pulɛ/ |
| prune | un pruneau | /pʀyno/ | duck | le canard | /kanaʀ/ |
| raisin | un raisin sec | /ʀɛzɛ̃ sɛk/ | goat | la chèvre | /ʃɛvʀ/ |
| raspberry | une framboise | /fʀɑ̃bwaz/ | ham | le jambon | /ʒɑ̃bɔ̃/ |
| strawberry | une fraise | /fʀɛz/ | lamb | l'agneau | /aɲo/ |
| watermelon | une pastèque | /pastɛk/ | liver | le foie | /fwa/ |
| vegetable | un légume | /legym/ | meatballs | des boulettes de viande | /bulɛtdəvjɑ̃d/ |
| artichoke | un artichaut | /aʀtiʃo/ | pork chop | une côtelette de porc | /kotlɛtdəpɔʀ/ |
| asparagus | des asperges | /aspɛʀʒ/ | rabbit | le lapin | /lapɛ̃/ |
| beet | une betterave | /bɛtʀav/ | hamburger | le steak haché | /stɛkaʃe/ |
| broccoli | le brocoli | /bʀɔkɔli/ | sausage | la saucisse | /sosis/ |
| cabbage | un chou | /ʃu/ | dried sausage | le saucisson | /sosisɔ̃/ |
| carrot | une carotte | /kaʀɔt/ | turkey | la dinde | /dɛ̃d/ |
| cauliflower | un chou-fleur | /ʃuflœʀ/ | veal | le veau | /vo/ |
| celery | un céleri | /sɛlʀi/ | venison | le chevreuil | /ʃəvʀœj/ |
Lettuce can also be referred to as la salade verte.
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